PCOD in India

This hormonal imbalance affects many women in India. A pan India survey was recently conducted by the Metropolis Healthcare Ltd, on 27,411 samples of testosterone over a period of 18 months. Out of these 27,411 samples, around 4,824, (17.60 percent) of the females faced hormonal risks including polycystic ovary syndrome.

What is Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD)?

Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD), also known as Polycystic Ovary syndrome (PCOS), is a condition where a woman develops enlarged ovaries and small follicular cysts that are of the diameter 0.5-1.0 cm. This leads to a collection of eggs in the ovary that cannot be discharged from the body. A woman with PCOD will also have symptoms that reflect imbalances in reproductive and other hormones. Here, the ovaries make more androgens (male hormones) than normal. High levels of these hormones affect the development and release of eggs during ovulation.

The following are symptoms of PCOD, which largely affects women of all age groups and may vary:

• In adolescent women, PCOD symptoms include infrequent, absent, and/or irregular menstrual periods and hair fall.
• In reproductive age group, women face fertility issues, requiring assistance in form of fertility treatments. In fact, PCOS is the most common cause of female infertility.
• Hirsutism— increased hair growth on the face, chest, stomach, back, thumbs, or toes.
• Cysts in the ovaries can also cause acne, oily skin, or dandruff.
• It may also lead to weight gain or obesity, usually with extra weight around the waist and male-pattern baldness or thinning of hair.
• One may also notice patches of skin on the neck, arms, breasts, or thighs that are thick and dark brown or black skin tags — excess flaps of skin in the armpits or neck area.

Changes in lifestyle, lack of exercise, dietary habits, exposure to environmental pollution, stress levels and loss of work life balance have become the primary causes of PCOD which can also lead to hypertension, diabetes mellitus, increased risk of uterine cancer and even cardiovascular diseases.

Remedies for PCOD

Experts suggest that if symptoms are identified at an early age and brought under control, it can help reduce the chances of having complications like diabetes and heart disease. However, the primary steps are eating right, exercising and not smoking.

1. Lifestyle modification

Many women with PCOD are overweight or obese, which can resultantly cause many health problems. The way to manage PCOD is by eating healthy and exercising to keep weight at a healthy level. You can do the following:

• Limiting processed foods and foods with added sugars
• Add more whole-grain products, fruits, vegetables, and lean meats to your diet. This helps to lower blood glucose (sugar) levels, improve the body’s use of insulin, and normalise hormone levels in your body. Even a 10 percent loss in body weight can restore a normal period and make your cycle more regular.

2. Dietary changes

• Avoid foods laden with too much sugar. Remember that the worst offenders are soft drinks, cookies, cakes, chocolate, sweets, and processed breakfast cereals.
• Avoid foods containing unhealthy sugar compounds such as high-fructose corn syrup.
• Increase the consumption of vegetables and include a minimum of five servings of vegetables daily.
• Limit processed grain-based foods such as boxed breakfast cereals, white bread, and pasta and choose small amounts of whole grain alternatives. You must include whole grains in your daily diet to make up for the needed amount of protein.
• Fiber contributes to improved blood sugar control and healthy bowel function. Aim to eat 25-30 grams of fiber per day.
• Protein helps balance your blood sugar and can help tame a sweet tooth. Include fresh fish, lean red meat, organic chicken, organic eggs, whole grains, and legumes in your diet, which are all good sources of protein.
• The type of fat in your diet plays an important role in assisting with insulin reception at the cell level. Use cold-water fish, organic eggs, avocados, extra virgin olive oil, and raw nuts and seeds that are rich in essential fatty acids.
• Ensure you eat regularly and choose healthy snacks mid-morning and mid-afternoon to balance your blood sugar levels between meals.
• Also make sure you add fruit, nuts, seeds and natural yogurt- all make for healthy snacks.

3. Birth control pills

You can also ask your gynecologist if you can include birth control pills and if so, which one’s suit you best. For women who don’t want to get pregnant, birth control pills are extremely helpful. They do the following:

• Control menstrual cycles
• Reduce male hormone levels
• Help to clear acne

4. Diabetes medications

The medicine Metformin (Glucophage) is used to treat type 2 diabetes. Metformin affects the way insulin controls blood glucose (sugar) and lowers testosterone production. It slows the growth of abnormal hair and, after a few months of use, may help ovulation to return.

Recent research has shown Metformin to have other positive effects, such as decreased body mass and improved cholesterol levels. Metformin will not cause a person to become diabetic.

5. Surgery

Ovarian drilling is a surgery that may increase the chance of ovulation. It’s sometimes used when a woman does not respond to fertility medicines.

6. Medicine for increased hair growth or extra male hormones

Medicines called anti-androgens may reduce hair growth and clear acne. Spironolactone (speer-on-oh-LAK-tone) (Aldactone), first used to treat high blood pressure, has been shown to reduce PCOD. These medications should not be taken if you are trying to become pregnant. In such cases, there are a few other options:

• Vaniqa cream to reduce facial hair
• Laser hair removal or electrolysis to remove hair
• Hormonal treatment to keep new hair from growing

Some research has also shown that bariatric (weight loss) surgery may be effective in resolving PCOD in morbidly obese women (BMI of more than 40).

7. Fertility medications

Lack of ovulation is usually the reason for fertility problems in women with PCOD. Several medications that stimulate ovulation can help women with PCOD become pregnant. Even so, other reasons for infertility in both the woman and man should be ruled out before fertility medications are used. Also, some fertility medications increase the risk for multiple births (twins, triplets).

The following are some treatment options:

• Clomiphene (Clomid, Serophene): The first choice therapy to stimulate ovulation for most patients.
• Metformin taken with clomiphene: This may be tried if clomiphene alone fails. The combination may help women with PCOS ovulate on lower doses of medication.
• Gonadotropins: It is given as shots, but are more expensive and raise the risk of multiple births compared to clomiphene.

Another option is in vitro fertilisation (IVF), which offers the best chance of becoming pregnant in any given cycle. It also gives doctors better control over the chance of multiple births.
Most women have symptoms that are normally associated with menopause. These include hot flushes, vaginal dryness, irritability, night sweats, or difficulty sleeping. Menstrual periods may be sporadic or stop completely. Some women may never begin having menstrual periods and may not go through the normal sequence of puberty.
So, while PCOD does pose a problem with respect to fertility, it must be noted that it is not incurable.

Dr. Sharmila Majumdar

Make an Appointment

The post Everything you need to know about Polycystic Ovarian Disease (PCOD) appeared first on Dr. Sharmila Majumdar - Sexologist Psychoanalyst in Hyderabad.

About one in nine couples experience fertility difficulties. There are many reasons for this, some relating to the male partner and some to the female partner. If you suspect an infertility problem , talk to your Sexologist, infertility specialist who will guide you through the steps of an infertility investigation.

For people who have been diagnosed with cancer, fertility preservation is an important consideration if there is a chance that their cancer treatment may affect their fertility. Increasingly, fertility preservation is now also being used for non-medical purposes. Egg freezing for social reasons has seen a rise in demand in recent years.

Suspecting infertility

Most people take their fertility for granted and do not expect to have problems conceiving. However, one in nine couples experience fertility difficulties.

What to do if you suspect a problem

If you have been trying to conceive for a year or more, it is time to seek medical advice. If you are over 35, you should see a doctor if you have been trying to conceive for six months or more.

The first point of contact should be your general practitioner (GP) who will start an infertility investigation. This involves a detailed medical history and a physical examination of both partners and some basic tests to make sure that the woman is ovulating and that the man produces sperm. If everything seems in order, your GP may advise you to keep trying for a little longer before consulting a fertility specialist. However, if your test results indicate a problem, your doctor will refer you to a fertility specialist without delay. The fertility specialist will do more tests to establish the cause of infertility and determine the type of treatment  you may need.

Causes of infertility

There are many reasons why pregnancy does not occur. About one-third of infertility cases are due to male factors and one-third due to female factors. Sometimes both partners have a fertility problem. In about 20 per cent of cases, there is no apparent cause of infertility, so-called unexplained or idiopathic infertility. As more couples delay childbearing age-related infertility is becoming more common.

Dealing with infertility

A diagnosis of infertility often comes as a shock. It is unexpected and unwelcome and emotionally challenging. Unlike other adverse life events, which may have a clear resolution, infertility is uniquely distressing because it can last for many years and the outcome is uncertain. Some people find it helpful to discuss their feelings with a psychologist or counsellor. Others feel better if they take action by starting treatment.

What to do next

Once the cause of infertility has been pin-pointed, your doctor will discuss treatment options with you. These will vary depending on the cause of infertility but will most likely involve some form of assisted reproductive treatment. You need a referral from your GP to see a fertility specialist. Your GP may recommend a fertility specialist, unless you have a preference for a particular ART clinics or individual fertility specialist.

The chance of ART treatment working has greatly improved since the late seventies when the first IVF baby was born. Although your chance of having a baby with ART depends largely on factors that are beyond your control, there are some things that you can do to improve the odds. The lifestyle factors that influence the chance of natural conception for both men and women also affect your chance of ART success.

Understanding reproduction

It is useful to understand how eggs and sperm are normally formed, and how conception occurs to understand the causes of infertility and how they are targeted in ART.

The hormones which control the production of sperm and eggs are called gonadotropins. There are two types of gonadotropins: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSA) and luteinising hormone (LH). In men, they stimulate the testicles to produce sperm and testosterone. In women, they act on the ovaries, where the eggs develop. The female sex hormones, oestrogen and progesterone, are produced by the ovaries when eggs mature and are released (ovulation).

The production of sex hormones and the release of an egg is known as the menstrual cycle. It is counted from the first day of the period until the day before the start of the next period. In an average cycle of 28 days, ovulation happens on day 14. However, and it is important to note that, ovulation occurs earlier in women with shorter cycles and later in women with longer cycles.

Your fertility and timing

Sperm are produced at the rate of about 300 million per day. They take some 80 days to mature. Each sperm has a head, which contains the genetic material, and a tail, which propels it up through the vagina, uterus, and Fallopian tubes where the conception occurs when an egg and a sperm come together. At ovulation, an egg is released from the ovary into the fallopian tube. If sperm is present at that time, the egg can be fertilised. The fertilised egg then starts to divide and becomes an embryo. After ovulation, the ovary produces progesterone which prepares the lining of the uterus – the endometrium – for the growing embryo. If an embryo does not form or attach to the endometrium (implantation), the level of progesterone drops and the next period starts.

A few days after implantation, the embryo starts to produce Human Chorionic Gonadotropins (HCG) – the hormone that gives a positive pregnancy test reading.

Dr. Sharmila Majumdar
Chief Consultant Sexologist
Sexual and Mental Health Clinic
Avis Hospital, Jubilee hills
Next to Chiranjivee Blood Bank
Hyderabad 500033

Home

Make an Appointment

The post Fertility and Infertility appeared first on Dr. Sharmila Majumdar - Sexologist Psychoanalyst in Hyderabad.